Contents
| Foreword to the Second Edition | xix |
| Preface | xxi |
| Preface to the Second Edition | xxv |
| Preface to the First Edition | xxix |
| Chapter 1. UNIX System Overview | 1 |
| 1.1 Introduction 1 | |
| 1.2 UNIX Architecture 1 | |
| 1.3 Logging In 2 | |
| 1.4 Files and Directories 4 | |
| 1.5 Input and Output 8 | |
| 1.6 Programs and Processes 10 | |
| 1.7 Error Handling 14 | |
| 1.8 User Identification 16 | |
| 1.9 Signals 18 | |
| 1.10 Time Values 20 | |
| 1.11 System Calls and Library Functions 21 | |
| 1.12 Summary 23 | |
| Chapter 2. UNIX Standardization and Implementations | 25 |
| 2.1 Introduction 25 | |
| 2.2 UNIX Standardization 25 | |
| 2.2.1 ISO C 25 | |
| 2.2.2 IEEE POSIX 26 | |
| 2.2.3 The Single UNIX Specification 30 | |
| 2.2.4 FIPS 32 | |
| 2.3 UNIX System Implementations 33 | |
| 2.3.1 UNIX System V Release 4 33 | |
| 2.3.2 4.4BSD 34 | |
| 2.3.3 FreeBSD 34 | |
| 2.3.4 Linux 35 | |
| 2.3.5 Mac OS X 35 | |
| 2.3.6 Solaris 35 | |
| 2.3.7 Other UNIX Systems 35 | |
| 2.4 Relationship of Standards and Implementations 36 | |
| 2.5 Limits 36 | |
| 2.5.1 ISO C Limits 37 | |
| 2.5.2 POSIX Limits 38 | |
| 2.5.3 XSI Limits 41 | |
| 2.5.4 sysconf, pathconf, and fpathconf Functions 42 | |
| 2.5.5 Indeterminate Runtime Limits 49 | |
| 2.6 Options 53 | |
| 2.7 Feature Test Macros 57 | |
| 2.8 Primitive System Data Types 58 | |
| 2.9 Differences Between Standards 58 | |
| 2.10 Summary 60 | |
| Chapter 3. File I/O | 61 |
| 3.1 Introduction 61 | |
| 3.2 File Descriptors 61 | |
| 3.3 open and openat Functions 62 | |
| 3.4 creat Function 66 | |
| 3.5 close Function 66 | |
| 3.6 lseek Function 66 | |
| 3.7 read Function 71 | |
| 3.8 write Function 72 | |
| 3.9 I/O Efficiency 72 | |
| 3.10 File Sharing 74 | |
| 3.11 Atomic Operations 77 | |
| 3.12 dup and dup2 Functions 79 | |
| 3.13 sync, fsync, and fdatasync Functions 81 | |
| 3.14 fcntl Function 82 | |
| 3.15 ioctl Function 87 | |
| 3.16 /dev/fd 88 | |
| 3.17 Summary 90 | |
| Chapter 4. Files and Directories | 93 |
| 4.1 Introduction 93 | |
| 4.2 stat, fstat, fstatat, and lstat Functions 93 | |
| 4.3 File Types 95 | |
| 4.4 Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID 98 | |
| 4.5 File Access Permissions 99 | |
| 4.6 Ownership of New Files and Directories 101 | |
| 4.7 access and faccessat Functions 102 | |
| 4.8 umask Function 104 | |
| 4.9 chmod, fchmod, and fchmodat Functions 106 | |
| 4.10 Sticky Bit 108 | |
| 4.11 chown, fchown, fchownat, and lchown Functions 109 | |
| 4.12 File Size 111 | |
| 4.13 File Truncation 112 | |
| 4.14 File Systems 113 | |
| 4.15 link, linkat, unlink, unlinkat, and remove Functions 116 | |
| 4.16 rename and renameat Functions 119 | |
| 4.17 Symbolic Links 120 | |
| 4.18 Creating and Reading Symbolic Links 123 | |
| 4.19 File Times 124 | |
| 4.20 futimens, utimensat, and utimes Functions 126 | |
| 4.21 mkdir, mkdirat, and rmdir Functions 129 | |
| 4.22 Reading Directories 130 | |
| 4.23 chdir, fchdir, and getcwd Functions 135 | |
| 4.24 Device Special Files 137 | |
| 4.25 Summary of File Access Permission Bits 140 | |
| 4.26 Summary 140 | |
| Chapter 5. Standard I/O Library | 143 |
| 5.1 Introduction 143 | |
| 5.2 Streams and FILE Objects 143 | |
| 5.3 Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error 145 | |
| 5.4 Buffering 145 | |
| 5.5 Opening a Stream 148 | |
| 5.6 Reading and Writing a Stream 150 | |
| 5.7 Line-at-a-Time I/O 152 | |
| 5.8 Standard I/O Efficiency 153 | |
| 5.9 Binary I/O 156 | |
| 5.10 Positioning a Stream 157 | |
| 5.11 Formatted I/O 159 | |
| 5.12 Implementation Details 164 | |
| 5.13 Temporary Files 167 | |
| 5.14 Memory Streams 171 | |
| 5.15 Alternatives to Standard I/O 174 | |
| 5.16 Summary 175 | |
| Chapter 6. System Data Files and Information | 177 |
| 6.1 Introduction 177 | |
| 6.2 Password File 177 | |
| 6.3 Shadow Passwords 181 | |
| 6.4 Group File 182 | |
| 6.5 Supplementary Group IDs 183 | |
| 6.6 Implementation Differences 184 | |
| 6.7 Other Data Files 185 | |
| 6.8 Login Accounting 186 | |
| 6.9 System Identification 187 | |
| 6.10 Time and Date Routines 189 | |
| 6.11 Summary 196 | |
| Chapter 7. Process Environment | 197 |
| 7.1 Introduction 197 | |
| 7.2 main Function 197 | |
| 7.3 Process Termination 198 | |
| 7.4 Command-Line Arguments 203 | |
| 7.5 Environment List 203 | |
| 7.6 Memory Layout of a C Program 204 | |
| 7.7 Shared Libraries 206 | |
| 7.8 Memory Allocation 207 | |
| 7.9 Environment Variables 210 | |
| 7.10 setjmp and longjmp Functions 213 | |
| 7.11 getrlimit and setrlimit Functions 220 | |
| 7.12 Summary 225 | |
| Chapter 8. Process Control | 227 |
| 8.1 Introduction 227 | |
| 8.2 Process Identifiers 227 | |
| 8.3 fork Function 229 | |
| 8.4 vfork Function 234 | |
| 8.5 exit Functions 236 | |
| 8.6 wait and waitpid Functions 238 | |
| 8.7 waitid Function 244 | |
| 8.8 wait3 and wait4 Functions 245 | |
| 8.9 Race Conditions 245 | |
| 8.10 exec Functions 249 | |
| 8.11 Changing User IDs and Group IDs 255 | |
| 8.12 Interpreter Files 260 | |
| 8.13 system Function 264 | |
| 8.14 Process Accounting 269 | |
| 8.15 User Identification 275 | |
| 8.16 Process Scheduling 276 | |
| 8.17 Process Times 280 | |
| 8.18 Summary 282 | |
| Chapter 9. Process Relationships | 285 |
| 9.1 Introduction 285 | |
| 9.2 Terminal Logins 285 | |
| 9.3 Network Logins 290 | |
| 9.4 Process Groups 293 | |
| 9.5 Sessions 295 | |
| 9.6 Controlling Terminal 296 | |
| 9.7 tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp, and tcgetsid Functions 298 | |
| 9.8 Job Control 299 | |
| 9.9 Shell Execution of Programs 303 | |
| 9.10 Orphaned Process Groups 307 | |
| 9.11 FreeBSD Implementation 310 | |
| 9.12 Summary 312 | |
| Chapter 10. Signals | 313 |
| 10.1 Introduction 313 | |
| 10.2 Signal Concepts 313 | |
| 10.3 signal Function 323 | |
| 10.4 Unreliable Signals 326 | |
| 10.5 Interrupted System Calls 327 | |
| 10.6 Reentrant Functions 330 | |
| 10.7 SIGCLD Semantics 332 | |
| 10.8 Reliable-Signal Terminology and Semantics 335 | |
| 10.9 kill and raise Functions 336 | |
| 10.10 alarm and pause Functions 338 | |
| 10.11 Signal Sets 344 | |
| 10.12 sigprocmask Function 346 | |
| 10.13 sigpending Function 347 | |
| 10.14 sigaction Function 349 | |
| 10.15 sigsetjmp and siglongjmp Functions 355 | |
| 10.16 sigsuspend Function 359 | |
| 10.17 abort Function 365 | |
| 10.18 system Function 367 | |
| 10.19 sleep, nanosleep, and clock_nanosleep Functions 373 | |
| 10.20 sigqueue Function 376 | |
| 10.21 Job-Control Signals 377 | |
| 10.22 Signal Names and Numbers 379 | |
| 10.23 Summary 381 | |
| Chapter 11. Threads | 383 |
| 11.1 Introduction 383 | |
| 11.2 Thread Concepts 383 | |
| 11.3 Thread Identification 384 | |
| 11.4 Thread Creation 385 | |
| 11.5 Thread Termination 388 | |
| 11.6 Thread Synchronization 397 | |
| 11.6.1 Mutexes 399 | |
| 11.6.2 Deadlock Avoidance 402 | |
| 11.6.3 pthread_mutex_timedlock Function 407 | |
| 11.6.4 Reader-Writer Locks 409 | |
| 11.6.5 Reader-Writer Locking with Timeouts 413 | |
| 11.6.6 Condition Variables 413 | |
| 11.6.7 Spin Locks 417 | |
| 11.6.8 Barriers 418 | |
| 11.7 Summary 422 | |
| Chapter 12. Thread Control | 425 |
| 12.1 Introduction 425 | |
| 12.2 Thread Limits 425 | |
| 12.3 Thread Attributes 426 | |
| 12.4 Synchronization Attributes 430 | |
| 12.4.1 Mutex Attributes 430 | |
| 12.4.2 Reader-Writer Lock Attributes 439 | |
| 12.4.3 Condition Variable Attributes 440 | |
| 12.4.4 Barrier Attributes 441 | |
| 12.5 Reentrancy 442 | |
| 12.6 Thread-Specific Data 446 | |
| 12.7 Cancel Options 451 | |
| 12.8 Threads and Signals 453 | |
| 12.9 Threads and fork 457 | |
| 12.10 Threads and I/O 461 | |
| 12.11 Summary 462 | |
| Chapter 13. Daemon Processes | 463 |
| 13.1 Introduction 463 | |
| 13.2 Daemon Characteristics 463 | |
| 13.3 Coding Rules 466 | |
| 13.4 Error Logging 469 | |
| 13.5 Single-Instance Daemons 473 | |
| 13.6 Daemon Conventions 474 | |
| 13.7 Client-Server Model 479 | |
| 13.8 Summary 480 | |
| Chapter 14. Advanced I/O | 481 |
| 14.1 Introduction 481 | |
| 14.2 Nonblocking I/O 481 | |
| 14.3 Record Locking 485 | |
| 14.4 I/O Multiplexing 500 | |
| 14.4.1 select and pselect Functions 502 | |
| 14.4.2 poll Function 506 | |
| 14.5 Asynchronous I/O 509 | |
| 14.5.1 System V Asynchronous I/O 510 | |
| 14.5.2 BSD Asynchronous I/O 510 | |
| 14.5.3 POSIX Asynchronous I/O 511 | |
| 14.6 readv and writev Functions 521 | |
| 14.7 readn and writen Functions 523 | |
| 14.8 Memory-Mapped I/O 525 | |
| 14.9 Summary 531 | |
| Chapter 15. Interprocess Communication | 533 |
| 15.1 Introduction 533 | |
| 15.2 Pipes 534 | |
| 15.3 popen and pclose Functions 541 | |
| 15.4 Coprocesses 548 | |
| 15.5 FIFOs 552 | |
| 15.6 XSI IPC 556 | |
| 15.6.1 Identifiers and Keys 556 | |
| 15.6.2 Permission Structure 558 | |
| 15.6.3 Configuration Limits 559 | |
| 15.6.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 559 | |
| 15.7 Message Queues 561 | |
| 15.8 Semaphores 565 | |
| 15.9 Shared Memory 571 | |
| 15.10 POSIX Semaphores 579 | |
| 15.11 Client-Server Properties 585 | |
| 15.12 Summary 587 | |
| Chapter 16. Network IPC: Sockets | 589 |
| 16.1 Introduction 589 | |
| 16.2 Socket Descriptors 590 | |
| 16.3 Addressing 593 | |
| 16.3.1 Byte Ordering 593 | |
| 16.3.2 Address Formats 595 | |
| 16.3.3 Address Lookup 597 | |
| 16.3.4 Associating Addresses with Sockets 604 | |
| 16.4 Connection Establishment 605 | |
| 16.5 Data Transfer 610 | |
| 16.6 Socket Options 623 | |
| 16.7 Out-of-Band Data 626 | |
| 16.8 Nonblocking and Asynchronous I/O 627 | |
| 16.9 Summary 628 | |
| Chapter 17. Advanced IPC | 629 |
| 17.1 Introduction 629 | |
| 17.2 UNIX Domain Sockets 629 | |
| 17.2.1 Naming UNIX Domain Sockets 634 | |
| 17.3 Unique Connections 635 | |
| 17.4 Passing File Descriptors 642 | |
| 17.5 An Open Server, Version 1 653 | |
| 17.6 An Open Server, Version 2 659 | |
| 17.7 Summary 669 | |
| Chapter 18. Terminal I/O | 671 |
| 18.1 Introduction 671 | |
| 18.2 Overview 671 | |
| 18.3 Special Input Characters 678 | |
| 18.4 Getting and Setting Terminal Attributes 683 | |
| 18.5 Terminal Option Flags 683 | |
| 18.6 stty Command 691 | |
| 18.7 Baud Rate Functions 692 | |
| 18.8 Line Control Functions 693 | |
| 18.9 Terminal Identification 694 | |
| 18.10 Canonical Mode 700 | |
| 18.11 Noncanonical Mode 703 | |
| 18.12 Terminal Window Size 710 | |
| 18.13 termcap, terminfo, and curses 712 | |
| 18.14 Summary 713 | |
| Chapter 19. Pseudo Terminals | 715 |
| 19.1 Introduction 715 | |
| 19.2 Overview 715 | |
| 19.3 Opening Pseudo-Terminal Devices 722 | |
| 19.4 pty_fork Function 726 | |
| 19.5 pty Program 729 | |
| 19.6 Using the pty Program 733 | |
| 19.7 Advanced Features 740 | |
| 19.8 Summary 741 | |
| Chapter 20. A Database Library | 743 |
| 20.1 Introduction 743 | |
| 20.2 History 743 | |
| 20.3 The Library 744 | |
| 20.4 Implementation Overview 746 | |
| 20.5 Centralized or Decentralized? 750 | |
| 20.6 Concurrency 752 | |
| 20.7 Building the Library 753 | |
| 20.8 Source Code 753 | |
| 20.9 Performance 781 | |
| 20.10 Summary 786 | |
| Chapter 21. Communicating with a Network Printer | 789 |
| 21.1 Introduction 789 | |
| 21.2 The Internet Printing Protocol 789 | |
| 21.3 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol 792 | |
| 21.4 Printer Spooling 793 | |
| 21.5 Source Code 795 | |
| 21.6 Summary 843 | |
| Appendix A. Function Prototypes | 845 |
| Appendix B. Miscellaneous Source Code | 895 |
| B.1 Our Header File 895 | |
| B.2 Standard Error Routines 898 | |
| Appendix C. Solutions to Selected Exercises | 905 |
| Bibliography | 947 |
| Index | 955 |